Pathogenesis of Musculoskeletal Deficits in Children and Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Musculoskeletal deficits are among the most commonly reported extra-intestinal manifestations and complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in those with Crohn’s disease. The adverse effects IBD on bone muscle multifactorial, including direct underlying processes, nutritional deficits, therapeutic effects. These factors also indirectly impact by interfering regulatory pathways. Resultantly, individuals at increased risk osteoporosis sarcopenia associated musculoskeletal morbidity. In paediatric IBD, these may contribute to suboptimal accrual. This review evaluates main pathogenic children adults summarises current literature understanding phenotype patients.